The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway) is one of the core intracellular signaling networks responsible for transmitting extracellular signals (such as growth factors, cytokines, and stress stimuli) to the nucleus, thereby regulating key physiological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and metabolism. Abnormal activation or inhibition of this pathway disrupts … Continue reading Cloud-Clone: MAPK/ERK signaling pathway