The immune system is a complex network of structures and processes whose primary function is to recognize and eliminate antigenic foreign substances, thereby protecting the body from harm. Its core feature is that immune cells and non-immune cells activated by antigens work through various biological processes, including cytokine mediation and signal transduction, to eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair. The entire response process involves multiple signaling pathways.
Inflammation and Immune Response
Inflammation is a specific immune response that generally occurs in the innate immune phase; its stimuli include infection or tissue damage, which can trigger a cascade of reactions involving cytokines, chemokines, and other proteins, causing localized redness, heat, and pain. Chronic inflammation can lead to dysregulation of innate immune responses and changes in the surrounding tissue microenvironment, thereby reducing the effectiveness of functional immune responses within the body. Many diseases are associated with chronic inflammation caused by microorganisms, autoimmunity, allergies, metabolism, physical factors, etc.
Fig. 1 Routes for signaling inflammation across the gut-brain axis.
TargetMol’s Immunology Research Solutions
TargetMol offers various inhibitors, agonists, cytokines, and compound libraries targeting different pathways and targets related to immunity and inflammation to meet the needs of customers in various research fields. These products are widely used in innovative drug screening, inflammation model induction, drug repositioning, immune mechanism research, target validation, and organoid culture-related research fields. We provide reliable technical support and solutions for researchers.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a member of the phorbol ester group of natural products, activates PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and induces THP1 cell differentiation.
Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5, are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, and highly immunogenic antigens that can enhance immune responses and can be used to construct inflammatory models.